铝基复合材料电弧增材制造技术研究进展

    Research Progress in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Matrix Composites

    • 摘要: 近年来,铝基复合材料凭借其高比强度、高比刚度、低密度以及优异的抗氧化性等优点,在轻量化构件领域展现出显著优势,成为轻量化工程的重要材料。传统的成形工艺难以满足当前工业制造的发展需求,电弧增材制造技术凭借其良好的成形适应性、较高的制造精度和较短的生产周期,为制备具有均匀组织的铝基复合材料构件提供了新的技术途径。本文首先概述铝基复合材料的陶瓷增强相及其添加方式,然后重点介绍了振荡激光-电弧复合、超声振动辅助及丝-粉-电弧三类新型电弧增材制造技术,对比分析其技术原理、优势与适用场景;最后探讨热处理与轧制等后处理工艺的作用与局限性,并对未来发展方向进行了展望。

       

      Abstract: In recent years, aluminum matrix composites have demonstrated significant advantages in the field of lightweight components by virtue of their high specific strength, high specific stiffness, favorable low-density characteristics, and excellent oxidation resistance. They have become important engineering materials for lightweight applications. Conventional forming processes hardly meet the current development demands of industrial manufacturing. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers a new technological approach for fabricating aluminum matrix composite components with homogeneous microstructures, owing to its favorable formability, high manufacturing accuracy, and short production lead time. The ceramic reinforcement phases used in aluminum matrix composites and their addition methods were first outlined. Then three novel wire arc additive manufacturing techniques: oscillating laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing, ultrasonic vibration-assisted wire arc additive manufacturing, and wire-powder arc additive manufacturing were mainly introduced. The technical principles, advantages, and applicable scenarios of these techniques were compared and analyzed. Finally, the effects and limitations of post-processing techniques such as heat treatment and rolling were discussed, and future development directions were prospected.

       

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